search by outcome
What is the literature about?
Pick an outcome. Every peptide listed under it carries that outcome as an observation recorded in the indexed literature, and every row shows the study it came from. This is a reading list, not a recommendation — and no dosing information appears anywhere on this site.
Reported in the cited work. Not advice, not a recommendation, and not a statement that any peptide does this in humans.
tendon repair #
7 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
BPC-157
why: tendon repair, wound healing reported in the indexed literature. Pentadecapeptide derived from a gastric juice protein sequence; studied for effects on angiogenesis and the ni
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy of Severe Electrolyte Disturbances in Rats — Current neuropharmacology 2026 ↗
02
Thymosin β4
why: wound healing reported in the indexed literature. G-actin sequestering protein; studied in wound repair, corneal healing and cardiac injury models.
Effects of Supplementation in Masters Athletes and Older Adults: A Narrative Review — Current sports medicine reports 2026 ↗
03
GHK-Cu
why: wound healing reported in the indexed literature. Copper-binding tripeptide complex studied for effects on collagen, elastin and antioxidant enzymes in skin.
Augmented Skin Beneficial Effects of Thermus Thermophilus and Bacillus Subtilis Mixed-Culture Fe… — Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 2026 ↗
04
TB-500
why: tissue repair reported in the indexed literature. Actin-binding fragment of thymosin β4; the LKKTETQ motif is the actin-binding region described in the literatu
Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomec… — Joint diseases and related surgery 2026 ↗
05
MGF
why: muscle repair signalling reported in the indexed literature. Splice variant of IGF-1 expressed after mechanical loading; the E-domain peptide is the studied fragment.
The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the g… — Frontiers in endocrinology 2026 ↗
06
GHK
why: wound healing reported in the indexed literature. Matrix-derived tripeptide with high copper(II) affinity; described as a signal generated on tissue injury.
The Regenerative Potential of GHK-Cu in Aesthetic Medicine — Aesthetic surgery journal 2026 ↗
07
Cortagen
why: nerve regeneration in models reported in the indexed literature. Khavinson-series tetrapeptide studied in peripheral nerve models.
EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PEPTIDE BIOREGULATORS ON THE "OLD" CHROMATIN — Georgian medical news 2023 ↗
fat loss #
11 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
AOD-9604
why: lipolysis, fat metabolism reported in the indexed literature. Growth-hormone C-terminal fragment studied for lipolytic activity without the full GH receptor profile.
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions — Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2026 ↗
02
Semaglutide
why: weight loss reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist; the acyl chain drives albumin binding and extends circulating half-life.
Hypoglycaemic coma induced by a falsified semaglutide product: a case report — European journal of hospital pharmacy : science and practice 2026 ↗
03
Tirzepatide
why: weight loss reported in the indexed literature. Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.
Decoding the hallmarks of GLP-1RA weight-loss super-responders — Biology methods & protocols 2026 ↗
04
Liraglutide
why: weight loss reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist with fatty-acid acylation for albumin binding.
Real-world use of liraglutide for weight management according to label in the United Kingdom: A … — Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2025 ↗
05
Exenatide
why: weight loss reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist resistant to DPP-4 cleavage.
Exendin-4 improves neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage — Cell death & disease 2026 ↗
06
Tesamorelin
why: visceral fat reduction reported in the indexed literature. GHRH analogue; approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
P-1230. Tesamorelin (EGRIFTA WR and EGRIFTA®) Formulations: Bioequivalence in Healthy Participan… — Open forum infectious diseases 2026 ↗
07
Setmelanotide
why: weight outcomes in trials reported in the indexed literature. MC4R agonist.
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome — StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL) 2026 ↗
08
Retatrutide
why: weight loss reported in the indexed literature. Triple agonist at GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.
The Triple-Agonist Revolution: Retatrutide and the Paradigm Shift in Multi-Hormonal Pharmacother… — Clinical pharmacology in drug development 2026 ↗
sleep #
2 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
Epitalon
why: circadian/melatonin effects in models reported in the indexed literature. Tetrapeptide from the Khavinson series, studied in relation to telomerase activity and pineal function in anim
Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties — International journal of molecular sciences 2025 ↗
02
DSIP
why: sleep architecture effects in models reported in the indexed literature. Nonapeptide originally isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood during induced sleep; mechanism not establis
<i>Pichia pastoris</i> secreted peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier and DSIP fusion peptid… — Frontiers in pharmacology 2024 ↗
skin & collagen #
6 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
GHK-Cu
why: collagen synthesis, skin firmness, hair follicle stimulation reported in the indexed literature. Copper-binding tripeptide complex studied for effects on collagen, elastin and antioxidant enzymes in skin.
Augmented Skin Beneficial Effects of Thermus Thermophilus and Bacillus Subtilis Mixed-Culture Fe… — Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 2026 ↗
02
Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4
why: collagen synthesis, wrinkle depth reduction reported in the indexed literature. Procollagen fragment reported to signal matrix synthesis in dermal fibroblasts.
Constrained Evolutionary Design of Matrixyl Analogs: Balancing Permeability and Functional Prese… — bioRxiv 2026 ↗
03
Palmitoyl tripeptide-1
why: collagen synthesis, skin firmness reported in the indexed literature. Matrikine-derived signal peptide used in matrix-support formulations.
EGCG-Biotin-Pal-GHK composition modulates TGF-β and BMP pathways in scalp microenvironment for t… — European journal of pharmacology 2026 ↗
04
Acetyl hexapeptide-8
why: expression-line softening reported in the indexed literature. SNAP-25 mimetic studied for interference with SNARE complex assembly in vitro.
Public Interest in Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Longitudinal Analysis — JMIR dermatology 2024 ↗
05
GHK
why: collagen synthesis reported in the indexed literature. Matrix-derived tripeptide with high copper(II) affinity; described as a signal generated on tissue injury.
The Regenerative Potential of GHK-Cu in Aesthetic Medicine — Aesthetic surgery journal 2026 ↗
06
Acetyl octapeptide-3
why: expression-line softening reported in the indexed literature. SNAP-25 N-terminal mimetic.
Clinical Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Dissolving Microneedle Patch Having Dual Anti-Wrink… — Annals of dermatology 2024 ↗
cognition #
7 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
Semax
why: cognition in models, neuroprotection in models, BDNF expression in models reported in the indexed literature. ACTH(4-7) analogue extended with Pro-Gly-Pro; studied in relation to BDNF expression in animal models.
The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairmen… — Acta naturae 2025 ↗
02
Dihexa
why: synaptogenesis in models, cognition in models reported in the indexed literature. Angiotensin IV analogue studied as an HGF/c-Met potentiator in neural models.
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions — Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2026 ↗
03
Cerebrolysin
why: cognitive outcomes in trials reported in the indexed literature. Peptide preparation studied for neurotrophic-like activity.
Very Early Short-Course Cerebrolysin After Tenecteplase and Mechanical Thrombectomy: A Case Repo… — Case reports in neurological medicine 2026 ↗
04
Humanin
why: neuroprotection in models reported in the indexed literature. Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for cytoprotective signalling.
Humanin ameliorates diabetes-induced testicular damage in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model — Experimental physiology 2026 ↗
05
Pinealon
why: neuroprotection in models reported in the indexed literature. Short regulatory peptide from the Khavinson series studied in neuronal models.
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions — Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2026 ↗
06
Selank
why: BDNF expression in models reported in the indexed literature. Tuftsin analogue (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) extended with Pro-Gly-Pro; studied for anxiolytic-like activity in animal m
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions — Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2026 ↗
07
Galanin
why: neuroprotection in models reported in the indexed literature. GAL1-3 receptor agonist; neuropeptide with roles in mood, feeding and nociception.
Exploring the causal role and mechanism of galanin in glioblastoma: integration of mendelian ran… — Frontiers in pharmacology 2026 ↗
GH axis #
10 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
Sermorelin
why: GH release, IGF-1 elevation reported in the indexed literature. The N-terminal 29 residues of GHRH — the shortest fully active fragment.
Cationic exchange SPE combined with triple quadrupole UHPLC-MS/MS for detection of GHRHs in urin… — Analytical biochemistry 2023 ↗
02
Ipamorelin
why: GH release, IGF-1 elevation reported in the indexed literature. Selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist; described as releasing GH with minimal effect on cortisol or pro
Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine — The American journal of sports medicine 2026 ↗
03
CJC-1295
why: GH release, IGF-1 elevation reported in the indexed literature. Growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue acting at GHRH receptors.
Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine — The American journal of sports medicine 2026 ↗
04
Tesamorelin
why: IGF-1 elevation reported in the indexed literature. GHRH analogue; approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
P-1230. Tesamorelin (EGRIFTA WR and EGRIFTA®) Formulations: Bioequivalence in Healthy Participan… — Open forum infectious diseases 2026 ↗
05
Octreotide
why: GH suppression reported in the indexed literature. Somatostatin analogue with SSTR2/SSTR5 selectivity.
Acromegaly Secondary to Ectopic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Secretion From Metastatic Bronc… — Cureus 2026 ↗
06
Ghrelin
why: GH release reported in the indexed literature. Endogenous GHS-R1a agonist; the hunger hormone.
Alcohol Exposure Alters the Ghrelin System: In Vitro Mechanistic Insights Into Impaired Glucose … — Alcohol, clinical & experimental research 2026 ↗
07
GHRP-2
why: GH release reported in the indexed literature. Synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 2 May Be Associated With Decreased M1 Macrophage Production and… — Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025 ↗
08
Hexarelin
why: GH release reported in the indexed literature. Synthetic GH secretagogue; also studied at CD36 in cardiac tissue.
Hexarelin promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection — Indian journal of pharmacology 2026 ↗
inflammation #
9 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
KPV
why: anti-inflammatory activity, intestinal inflammation reduction reported in the indexed literature. C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH; studied for anti-inflammatory activity independent of pigmentation effects.
Lysine-proline-valine peptide attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through ROS-dependent regula… — Cytotechnology 2026 ↗
02
Thymosin β4
why: anti-inflammatory activity reported in the indexed literature. G-actin sequestering protein; studied in wound repair, corneal healing and cardiac injury models.
Effects of Supplementation in Masters Athletes and Older Adults: A Narrative Review — Current sports medicine reports 2026 ↗
03
Vilon
why: immune modulation reported in the indexed literature. Short regulatory dipeptide from the Khavinson peptide series, studied for immune and gene-expression effects.
Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage … — International journal of molecular sciences 2022 ↗
04
LL-37
why: immune modulation reported in the indexed literature. Human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide; forms an amphipathic helix that disrupts microbial membranes
Impact of cathelicidin cleavage by SpeB on <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> CovRS signaling — bioRxiv 2026 ↗
05
Thymulin
why: anti-inflammatory activity in models reported in the indexed literature. Zinc-dependent thymic hormone studied in T-cell differentiation.
Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy — Nature communications 2026 ↗
06
α-MSH
why: anti-inflammatory activity reported in the indexed literature. Endogenous melanocortin agonist; the parent of the MT-I/MT-II analogue family.
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone promotes functional recovery in peripheral olfactory dysfun… — Neuropharmacology 2026 ↗
07
Met-enkephalin
why: immune modulation reported in the indexed literature. Endogenous opioid pentapeptide; delta-opioid receptor preferring.
Heat and cold stresses exert disparate effects on expression of proenkephalin, and concentration… — Poultry science 2026 ↗
08
VIP
why: anti-inflammatory activity in models reported in the indexed literature. VPAC1/VPAC2 receptor agonist; vasodilator and immunomodulator.
Intranasal delivery of a vasoactive intestinal peptide-based circRNA vaccine induces systemic an… — Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2026 ↗
longevity #
7 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
NAD+
why: cellular energy metabolism, sirtuin activity reported in the indexed literature. Redox coenzyme and substrate for sirtuins and PARPs.
The role of redox state in regulating plant secondary metabolism under stress — Functional plant biology : FPB 2026 ↗
02
SS-31
why: mitochondrial function in models reported in the indexed literature. Cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide studied for mitochondrial inner-membrane stabilisation.
Elamipretide (SS-31) promotes recovery by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics and neural remo… — Neurochemistry international 2026 ↗
03
GHK-Cu
why: antioxidant activity reported in the indexed literature. Copper-binding tripeptide complex studied for effects on collagen, elastin and antioxidant enzymes in skin.
Augmented Skin Beneficial Effects of Thermus Thermophilus and Bacillus Subtilis Mixed-Culture Fe… — Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 2026 ↗
04
Epitalon
why: telomerase activity in cell models reported in the indexed literature. Tetrapeptide from the Khavinson series, studied in relation to telomerase activity and pineal function in anim
Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties — International journal of molecular sciences 2025 ↗
05
GHK
why: antioxidant activity reported in the indexed literature. Matrix-derived tripeptide with high copper(II) affinity; described as a signal generated on tissue injury.
The Regenerative Potential of GHK-Cu in Aesthetic Medicine — Aesthetic surgery journal 2026 ↗
06
Glutathione
why: antioxidant activity reported in the indexed literature. Principal intracellular thiol antioxidant and cofactor for glutathione peroxidases.
Observation of glutathione intra- and extracellular membrane with large Stokes shift probe modif… — Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 2026 ↗
07
Carnosine
why: antiglycation activity in models reported in the indexed literature. Endogenous dipeptide studied as a pH buffer and carbonyl scavenger in muscle.
Carnosine-Related Metabolism in Rat Cardiomyocytes and Human Heart Tissue — FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026 ↗
gut #
6 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
Teduglutide
why: intestinal mucosal growth, nutrient absorption reported in the indexed literature. GLP-2 receptor agonist; Gly2 substitution confers DPP-4 resistance.
Optimizing teduglutide treatment regimens in children with short bowel syndrome — Frontiers in pediatrics 2026 ↗
02
GLP-2
why: intestinal mucosal growth, nutrient absorption reported in the indexed literature. GLP-2 receptor agonist; trophic to intestinal mucosa.
The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Glucagon-like Peptide-2-Mediated Intestinal Lipid H… — International journal of molecular sciences 2026 ↗
03
Pramlintide
why: gastric emptying delay reported in the indexed literature. Amylin analogue acting at amylin/calcitonin receptor complexes.
Reversible peptide self-assembly enables sustained drug delivery with tuneable pharmacokinetics — bioRxiv 2026 ↗
04
Larazotide
why: intestinal permeability reduction reported in the indexed literature. Tight-junction regulator studied as a zonulin antagonist in intestinal permeability.
Preventive effects of Larazotide acetate (AT-1001) on non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD)… — Pediatrics and neonatology 2026 ↗
05
BPC-157
why: gastrointestinal protection reported in the indexed literature. Pentadecapeptide derived from a gastric juice protein sequence; studied for effects on angiogenesis and the ni
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy of Severe Electrolyte Disturbances in Rats — Current neuropharmacology 2026 ↗
06
GLP-1 (7-37)
why: gastric emptying delay reported in the indexed literature. Endogenous incretin; potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
Drugs are not cutting it: Patient motivations for metabolic and bariatric surgery despite glucag… — Surgery 2026 ↗
glucose control #
10 peptides in the index carry a reported outcome in this group. Ordered by how many matching outcomes are recorded, how much indexed literature exists, and how far the peptide has progressed — the weighting is stated here so you can disagree with it.
01
Semaglutide
why: glycaemic control reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist; the acyl chain drives albumin binding and extends circulating half-life.
Hypoglycaemic coma induced by a falsified semaglutide product: a case report — European journal of hospital pharmacy : science and practice 2026 ↗
02
Tirzepatide
why: glycaemic control reported in the indexed literature. Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.
Decoding the hallmarks of GLP-1RA weight-loss super-responders — Biology methods & protocols 2026 ↗
03
Liraglutide
why: glycaemic control reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist with fatty-acid acylation for albumin binding.
Real-world use of liraglutide for weight management according to label in the United Kingdom: A … — Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2025 ↗
04
Exenatide
why: glycaemic control reported in the indexed literature. GLP-1 receptor agonist resistant to DPP-4 cleavage.
Exendin-4 improves neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage — Cell death & disease 2026 ↗
05
Pramlintide
why: postprandial glucose control reported in the indexed literature. Amylin analogue acting at amylin/calcitonin receptor complexes.
Reversible peptide self-assembly enables sustained drug delivery with tuneable pharmacokinetics — bioRxiv 2026 ↗
06
Insulin
why: glucose lowering reported in the indexed literature. Insulin receptor agonist.
Lipopolysaccharide binding triggers insulin inactivation and HDL-dependent clearance — Research Square 2026 ↗
07
Retatrutide
why: glycaemic control reported in the indexed literature. Triple agonist at GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.
The Triple-Agonist Revolution: Retatrutide and the Paradigm Shift in Multi-Hormonal Pharmacother… — Clinical pharmacology in drug development 2026 ↗
08
MOTS-c
why: insulin sensitivity in models reported in the indexed literature. Mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in the 12S rRNA region; described as acting through AMPK and folate-cycl
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded interferon-linked host defense peptide — eLife 2026 ↗