database / hormone
Insulin
Skeletal structure drawn from the computed atomic coordinates in PubChem CID 70678557. Carbons are implicit vertices; hydrogens on carbon are suppressed, as in any structural formula. Nothing here is estimated — every atom sits where PubChem placed it.
Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.
Sequence
Primary structure not characterised in the public records this index draws on. Nothing is shown rather than something invented.
Two chains — A (21 residues) and B (30 residues) — joined by two interchain disulfides plus one intrachain bond; a single linear sequence would misrepresent it.
Molecular data
| molecular formula | C256H381N65O77S6 |
|---|---|
| molecular weight | 5794 Da (PubChem) |
| computed backbone mass | not characterised |
| length | not characterised |
| net charge (pH 7.4) | not characterised |
| mean hydropathy | not characterised |
| half-life | not characterised |
| delivery route | subcutaneous, intravenous, inhaled |
| PubChem CID | 70678557 |
| PDB | 4INS |
| UniProt parent | P01308 |
Mechanism
Insulin receptor agonist.
Reported targets: INSR
Experimental structure
α-carbon backbone trace rendered from the deposited coordinates of PDB 4INS. This is measured structure, not a prediction.
Parent protein
Processed from proinsulin by removal of the C-peptide. UniProt P01308 · 110 aa
Reported effects
Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.
| reported outcome | where it appears |
|---|---|
| glucose lowering | Lipopolysaccharide binding triggers insulin inactivation and HDL-dependent c… Research Square 2026 |
| anabolic signalling | Quantitative modeling of insulin signaling reveals mechanisms of insulin res… Computers in biology and medicine 2026 |
Registered trials
| NCT | title | status | phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05211843 | Saliva Insulin as Biomarker of Risk Factors for Metabolic Dysregulation and Caries | COMPLETED | NA |
| NCT04088240 | Effects of Omega-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid on Lipids and Other Risk Factors for Cardiovascular | TERMINATED | NA |
| NCT03420989 | Elaboration of New Generation Snacks | COMPLETED | NA |
| NCT03489668 | Androgen Responses to hCG and Ovarian Morphology in PCOS | UNKNOWN | NA |
| NCT04840368 | Cardiovascular Risk and Functional Responses From Dancing at Home in the Elderly With and Wi | UNKNOWN | NA |
Literature (8)
Lipopolysaccharide binding triggers insulin inactivation and HDL-dependent clearance — Research Square 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-10599076/v1
Quantitative modeling of insulin signaling reveals mechanisms of insulin resistance in obese mice — Computers in biology and medicine 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42561586 · DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111886
Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: An Observational Study of Individuals Using an Automated Insulin Delivery System — Diabetes care 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42482329 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-0692
Palmitoylation calibrates mitochondrial transport of insulin across the endothelium in insulin resistance — bioRxiv 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · DOI 10.64898/2026.07.14.738288
Association of a nurse-led structured insulin management program with glycemic control and medication safety in patients with type 2 diabetes — Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42633547 · DOI 10.36721/pjps.2026.39.11.321.1
Insulin — National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda (MD) 2006
Mothers with diabetes using insulin may nurse their infants. Exogenous insulin is excreted into breastmilk, including newer biosynthetic insulins (e.g., aspart, deglutec, detemir, glargine glulisine, lispro). Even direct administration of recombinant insulin orally to preterm infants is safe.[1] Insulin is a normal component of breastmilk and may decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes in breastfed infants.[2-5] Women taking insulin for type 2 diabetes have higher milk insulin levels than those controlled with diet alone.[6] Insulin requirements are reduced postpartum in women with type 1 diabetes,[7,8] although postpartum insulin requirements do not significantly differ between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women.[9] In general, insulin requirements are 30% to 50% lower than prepregnancy dosages immediately postpartum. Then the insulin requirements during breastfeeding average 21% lo…
open access ↗ · PMID 30000050
Effects of a Mobile Application for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Initiating Insulin Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial — International journal of nursing practice 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42374657 · DOI 10.1111/ijn.70165
Efficacy and safety of insulin icodec compared with insulin efsitora in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis — Frontiers in endocrinology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42666211 · DOI 10.3389/fendo.2026.1902260
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