database / longevity
Carnosine
Skeletal structure drawn from the computed atomic coordinates in PubChem CID 439224. Carbons are implicit vertices; hydrogens on carbon are suppressed, as in any structural formula. Nothing here is estimated — every atom sits where PubChem placed it.
Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.
Sequence
Primary structure not characterised in the public records this index draws on. Nothing is shown rather than something invented.
β-alanyl-L-histidine — contains β-alanine, which has no one-letter code.
Molecular data
| molecular formula | C9H14N4O3 |
|---|---|
| molecular weight | 226.23 Da (PubChem) |
| computed backbone mass | not characterised |
| length | not characterised |
| net charge (pH 7.4) | not characterised |
| mean hydropathy | not characterised |
| half-life | not characterised |
| delivery route | oral |
| PubChem CID | 439224 |
| PDB | not characterised |
| UniProt parent | not characterised |
Mechanism
Endogenous dipeptide studied as a pH buffer and carbonyl scavenger in muscle.
Reported targets: reactive carbonyls
Experimental structure
No experimental structure of this peptide is deposited in the PDB. Nothing is rendered here — a predicted fold would not be a structure, and this site does not draw one.
Reported effects
Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.
| reported outcome | where it appears |
|---|---|
| muscle buffering capacity | Carnosine-Related Metabolism in Rat Cardiomyocytes and Human Heart Tissue FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026 |
| antiglycation activity in models | The Role and Mechanism of Carnosine in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetic Sarcopeni… Biology 2026 |
Registered trials
| NCT | title | status | phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT03997188 | Zinc-L-Carnosine Prevents Dysphagia in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Radiothera | COMPLETED | PHASE3 |
| NCT04849182 | Vertistop® D and Vertistop® L in Preventing Recurrence of High-recurrence BPPV | COMPLETED | NA |
| NCT06021223 | The Effects of Chicken Extract on Mental Energy in Healthy Adults and the Underlying Mechani | COMPLETED | NA |
| NCT02770417 | Oral β-Alanine Supplementation in Patients With COPD | COMPLETED | NA |
| NCT06678997 | Polaprezinc (Zinc L-carnosine) in Infants With Gastroesophageal Reflux | COMPLETED | NA |
Literature (8)
Carnosine-Related Metabolism in Rat Cardiomyocytes and Human Heart Tissue — FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42455463 · DOI 10.1096/fj.202504676r
The Role and Mechanism of Carnosine in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetic Sarcopenia in Mice Through PI3K/AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway — Biology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42450547 · DOI 10.3390/biology15130999
L-carnosine attenuates endometrial fibrosis by targeting the ERK/PTGS2 axis — European journal of pharmacology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42342060 · DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.179089
Varied Effects of Carnosine and an Antioxidant-Enriched Carnosine Supplement in Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model in Mice — Current issues in molecular biology 2026
Carnosine is widely recognized for its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties and is being increasingly used in dietary supplements. However, its effects in drug-induced liver injury remain insufficiently studied. This study aimed to investigate and compare the hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of pure carnosine and an antioxidant-enriched commercial carnosine supplement in a murine model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were pretreated orally for seven days with carnosine or a commercial carnosine supplement prior to a single hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol. The serum biochemical parameters, hepatic oxidative stress markers, histopathology, and immunohistochemical expression of CYP2E1, COX-2, and Iba1 were evaluated 24 h after paracetamol administration. Paracetamol increased serum aminotransferases, lipid peroxidation, CYP2E1 expression, …
open access ↗ · PMID 42353586 · DOI 10.3390/cimb48060581
Effects of carnosine supplementation on physical endurance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial — Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2026
BackgroundCarnosine (β-alanine-L-histidine) is an endogenous dipeptide found in abundance in highly metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle and the brain, where it is thought to play a role in intracellular buffering, and thereby, promote anaerobic glycolysis. Due to its perceived ability to support muscle energetics, carnosine, and its precursor, β-alanine, have found widespread use as performance-enhancing supplements. Nevertheless, the utility and efficacy of carnosine in enhancing physical performance have not been rigorously evaluated.MethodsWe conducted a placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 299 participants were randomized to consume either placebo or carnosine-containing capsules (2 g per day). Several assessments of physical performance (hand grip strength, bilateral calf raise, 2-min step test, gait speed) were measured before initiating supplementation (Baseline: Visit…
open access ↗ · PMID 42308284 · DOI 10.1080/15502783.2026.2679716
Considerations for Carnosine Actions in Biology — Neurochemical research 2026
Carnosine is a histidinic dipeptide mainly identified for its pH buffering, antioxidant and metal chelating capacities. Several studies have explored the potential benefits of carnosine as a supplement for exercise, as well as an adjuvant treatment in several pathologies; however, roles and impacts of carnosine on most tissues, including the brain, are still under debate, especially in earlier stages of development. There is evidence that carnosine may impact a myriad of physiological parameters. It includes potential roles of carnosine as a modulator of cell survival, redox homeostasis, signaling and metabolism, among other functions. Many variables seem to impact the outcomes of carnosine actions (e.g., carnosine concentrations, length of exposure, target cell/tissue, biological sex, metabolic state, and developmental stage). Considering that the physiology and metabolism of histidine …
open access ↗ · PMID 41894036 · DOI 10.1007/s11064-026-04735-5
The Ameliorative Effects of Carnosine on the In Vitro Developmental Competence of Bovine Oocytes — Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42510559 · DOI 10.3390/antiox15070828
Efficacy and Safety of L‐Carnosine‐Containing Hyaluronate Injection for Facial Skin Hydration and Brightness: A Randomized, Controlled, Evaluator‐Blinded Trial — Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
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