database / healing
Thymosin β4
also known as Tβ4, TMSB4X
Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.
Sequence
SDKPDMAEIEKFDKSKLKKTETQEKNPLPSKETIEQEKQAGES
Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-Asp-Met-Ala-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ser-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-Glu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Lys-Glu-Thr-Ile-Glu-Gln-Glu-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser
- hydrophobic
- positive
- negative
- polar
- aromatic
- glycine
- proline
- cysteine
Modified molecule. N-terminally acetylated in vivo.
Backbone carries modifications, so computed backbone mass is not comparable to the reported mass of the complete molecule.
Molecular data
| molecular formula | not characterised |
|---|---|
| molecular weight | 4921.46 Da (computed from sequence) |
| computed backbone mass | 4921.46 Da |
| length | 43 residues |
| net charge (pH 7.4) | -2 |
| mean hydropathy | -1.7 |
| half-life | not characterised |
| delivery route | not characterised |
| PubChem CID | not characterised |
| PDB | not characterised |
| UniProt parent | P62328 |
Mechanism
G-actin sequestering protein; studied in wound repair, corneal healing and cardiac injury models.
Reported targets: G-actin
Experimental structure
No experimental structure of this peptide is deposited in the PDB. Nothing is rendered here — a predicted fold would not be a structure, and this site does not draw one.
Position in the parent protein
MSDKPDMAEIEKFDKSKLKKTETQEKNPLPSKETIEQEKQAGESParent sequence from UniProt P62328. The full endogenous protein.
Reported effects
Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.
| reported outcome | where it appears |
|---|---|
| wound healing | Effects of Supplementation in Masters Athletes and Older Adults: A Narrative… Current sports medicine reports 2026 |
| corneal repair | Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskele… Preprints.org 2026 |
| anti-inflammatory activity | Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculo… Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2026 |
Registered trials
| NCT | title | status | phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00382174 | Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers | COMPLETED | PHASE2 |
| NCT00598871 | A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds | TERMINATED | PHASE2 |
| NCT03937882 | Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: | COMPLETED | PHASE3 |
| NCT00311766 | A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis | TERMINATED | PHASE2 |
| NCT00743769 | A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunte | WITHDRAWN | PHASE1 |
Literature (8)
Effects of Supplementation in Masters Athletes and Older Adults: A Narrative Review — Current sports medicine reports 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42385164 · DOI 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001353
Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review — Preprints.org 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · DOI 10.20944/preprints202605.1124.v1
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance — Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · DOI 10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance — Preprints.org 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · DOI 10.20944/preprints202512.1011.v3
Retraction: The role of thymosin beta 4 on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells — PloS one 2025
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
open access ↗ · PMID 40029897 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320021
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids — Stem cell reports 2025
The developmental origin of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been proposed but is arguably debated. Here, we developed cerebral organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) associated with familial AD (fAD) and analyzed the dynamic changes of cellular states. We found that mature neurons induced in fAD organoids markedly decreased compared to that of health control, accompanied with increased cell senescence and β-amyloid (Aβ) production. Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients' excitatory neurons. Remarkably, the neurodevelopmental deficits and Aβ formation in fAD organoids were rescued by treatment with Tβ4. The beneficial effects of Tβ4 were also revealed in 5xfAD model mice. Thus, this study has identified Tβ4 as…
open access ↗ · PMID 40816274 · DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2025.102601
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion — Cardiovascular research 2025
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 41229390 · DOI 10.1093/cvr/cvaf223
Understanding the effects of ciprofloxacin on corneal epithelial cells: a study using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology — Experimental eye research 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42431294 · DOI 10.1016/j.exer.2026.111162
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