database / immune
Thymulin
Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.
Sequence
QAKSQGGSN
Gln-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn
- hydrophobic
- positive
- negative
- polar
- aromatic
- glycine
- proline
- cysteine
Modified molecule. Biologically active only when complexed with zinc; the nonapeptide alone is inactive.
Backbone carries modifications, so computed backbone mass is not comparable to the reported mass of the complete molecule.
Molecular data
| molecular formula | not characterised |
|---|---|
| molecular weight | 875.89 Da (computed from sequence) |
| computed backbone mass | 875.89 Da |
| length | 9 residues |
| net charge (pH 7.4) | +1 |
| mean hydropathy | -1.67 |
| half-life | not characterised |
| delivery route | not characterised |
| PubChem CID | not characterised |
| PDB | not characterised |
| UniProt parent | not characterised |
Mechanism
Zinc-dependent thymic hormone studied in T-cell differentiation.
Reported targets: T lymphocytes
Experimental structure
No experimental structure of this peptide is deposited in the PDB. Nothing is rendered here — a predicted fold would not be a structure, and this site does not draw one.
Reported effects
Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.
| reported outcome | where it appears |
|---|---|
| T-cell differentiation in models | Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer i… Nature communications 2026 |
| anti-inflammatory activity in models | Systemic thymulin overexpression mitigates cognitive and molecular impairmen… Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2024 |
Literature (8)
Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy — Nature communications 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42481458 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-75383-0
Systemic thymulin overexpression mitigates cognitive and molecular impairments in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease — Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2024
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
Protective effect of exogenous peroxiredoxin 6 and thymic peptide thymulin on BBB conditions in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis — Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2023
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 37633587 · DOI 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109729
Thymulin and peroxiredoxin 6 have protective effects against streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in mice — International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 2021
Protective effects of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) in RIN-m5F β-cells and of thymulin in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes were recently reported. The present work was aimed at studying the efficiency of thymulin and PRDX6 in a type 1 diabetes mellitus model induced by streptozotocin in mice. Effects of prolonged treatment with PRDX6 or thymic peptide thymulin on diabetes development were evaluated. We assessed the effects of the drugs on the physiological status of diabetic mice by measuring blood glucose, body weight, and cell counts in several organs, as well as effects of thymulin and PRDX6 on the immune status of diabetic mice measuring concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma (TNF-α, interleukin-5 and 17, and interferon-γ), activity of NF-κB and JNK pathways, and Hsp90α expression in immune cells. Both thymulin and PRDX6 reduced the physiological impairments in diab…
open access ↗ · PMID 33779346 · DOI 10.1177/20587384211005645
Comparison of Thymulin Activity with Other Measures of Marginal Zinc Deficiency — Biological trace element research 2021
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 32363520 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-020-02159-y
Protective Effect of PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymulin Against the Relapsing-Remitting Form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice — International journal of molecular sciences 2019
Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans. This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles. PBCA nanoparticles were used to prolong the presence of thymulin in the blood. Cytokine levels in blood were measured by ELISA; NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation, as well as Hsp72 and p53 protein expression, were measured by Western blotting. Animal health statuses were estimated using severity scores. Results showed that the cytokine response in rEAE was multi-staged: an early phase was accompanied by an increase in plasma interferon-γ, while the interleukin (IL)-17 response was markedly increased at a later stage. The stages were attribute…
open access ↗ · PMID 31671728 · DOI 10.3390/ijms20215374
Thymulin treatment attenuates inflammatory pain by modulating spinal cellular and molecular signaling pathways — International immunopharmacology 2019
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 30851702 · DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.042
Prenatal and childhood exposures are associated with thymulin concentrations in young adolescent children in rural Nepal — Journal of developmental origins of health and disease 2020
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 31475652 · DOI 10.1017/s2040174419000485
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