760 papers, newest first

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42656409 · Icatibant in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41125326 · Semaglutide in the index

Semaglutide, sold under the brand names of Ozempic, Rybelsus and Wegovy, is one of the most popular drugs on the market. Manufactured by Novo Nordisk, semaglutide is the newest in a family of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists used most commonly to treat type II diabetes. To date, the results of semaglutide for the treatment of type II diabetes have been overwhelmingly positive. It is for the drug's effects on appetite suppression and weight loss, however, that have led its surge in popularity, with many hailing semaglutide as the new 'miracle drug for weight loss'. Despite its popularity, both the governmental and popular reception to the drug has largely been mixed. In this paper, we address a range of ethical concerns and argue that while many are legitimate, they do not provide conclusive reason not to prescribe semaglutide for weight loss.

open access ↗ · PMID 39848681 · Semaglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41807083 · Semaglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41494820 · Semaglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41467632 · Semaglutide in the index

Semaglutide, marketed as Wegovy, Ozempic, and Rybelsus, is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) that has attracted significant global attention for its appetite-suppressing and weight-loss effects. Approved for pediatric use in children aged 12 and older, Wegovy has been described as a "miracle drug" and hailed as a potential solution to the so-called "obesity epidemic." However, prescribing medication to children raises complex ethical questions, including how best to respect young patients' autonomy and promote their well-being. This paper focuses on one such concern: the "argument from virtue." According to this view, Wegovy represents a morally problematic approach to weight loss because it circumvents the development of character traits-such as self-control and resilience-that are seen as integral to autonomy. We critically examine this argument, rejecting the claim that there is a single morally "right way" to lose weight, and argue that Wegovy, when prescribed within a supportive framework, may help children build and exercise autonomy. We review the drug's function and efficacy, analyze how it might promote or hinder autonomy, and offer recommendations to s…

open access ↗ · PMID 41065944 · Semaglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42608058 · Semaglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42640207 · Semaglutide in the index

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have reshaped obesity treatment, yet weight-loss outcomes remain highly uneven in real-world care. Using a federated biomedical platform, we analyzed 135 349 individuals treated with semaglutide and tirzepatide formulations and stratified them as "super responders" (>15% weight loss), "moderate responders" (5%-15% weight loss), "minimal weight-loss group" (P = .002) and osteoarthritis (RR = 0.5, P = .001) for Zepbound, and psoriasis (RR = 2.5, P = .03) for Wegovy. These results highlight significant heterogeneity in weight trajectories following sustained exposure to a GLP-1RA therapy and identify factors associated with increased weight loss, likely reflecting a combination of biological, behavioral, and social factors. These insights motivate further prospective analyses to help guide the development of more tailored weight-loss intervention strategies.

open access ↗ · PMID 42147968 · Tirzepatide in the index

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.111445.].

open access ↗ · PMID 42388932 · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42438627 · Tirzepatide in the index

Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro, is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. As more women presenting to screening and symptomatic breast clinics receive tirzepatide, questions have emerged regarding how rapid pharmacologic weight loss may influence breast lump detection, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk. This narrative review summarises tirzepatide pharmacology, its effects on adiposity, expected changes in breast composition with weight loss, oncologic data on breast cancer risk and outcomes, and radiological implications for mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. Randomised-trial data and meta-analyses currently show no clear evidence of increased breast cancer incidence with tirzepatide or GLP-1 receptor agonists. Preclinical studies in obesity-associated breast cancer models have demonstrated reduced mammary tumour progression following tirzepatide-induced weight loss and metabolic improvement; however, the clinical relevance of these findings remains uncertain. In the clinic, GLP-1 receptor agonist use in women with breast cancer has been as…

open access ↗ · PMID 42388957 · Tirzepatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41545327 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41785010 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Retatrutide in the index

Retatrutide (LY3437943) was developed as a drug to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. Retatrutide, a not endogenously occurring peptide, stimulated the glucagon receptor (GCGR), the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR), and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in cell cultures; increased the activity of adenylyl cyclases (AC); and thus augmented the 3',5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. We tested the hypothesis that retatrutide increased force of contraction (FOC) in human right atrial preparations (HAP) from adult patients. HAP were obtained during open heart surgery from patients who suffered from severe coronary heart disease. We noted that cumulatively applied retatrutide starting at 10 nM (up to 100 nM the highest concentration tested) elevated FOC in HAP in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In the additional presence of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostamide (1 µM), retatrutide was more potent and more effective to increase FOC in HAP. Under these conditions, retatrutide shortened the time of muscle relaxation in HAP. These positive inotropic effects of glucagon were diminished by a GLP1-R antagonist, by …

open access ↗ · PMID 40613938 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42385950 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42630988 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42608321 · Retatrutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42424303 · Liraglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Liraglutide in the index

BACKGROUND: Saxenda® side effects are mostly avoidable, and its administration is complex; therefore, patient education by pharmacists is essential to optimize its efficacy and safety. In Iraq, patient education practices remain inconsistent and barriers to effective patient education are unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the extent of pharmacists’ practices in patient education regarding Saxenda®, including the adequacy and accuracy of the information conveyed, as well as the barriers encountered in delivering this education. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using face-to-face interviews with a purposive sample of community-pharmacists in Baghdad. The interview guide was validated by a panel of experts. Data analyzed by thematic analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two pharmacists participated in this study, and three main themes emerged: The first is the extent of current pharmacists’ Practice in patient education, with most pharmacists reporting proactive patient education, though only 13 were consistently proactive. Inquiries about Saxenda® mainly received from young adult women and primarily centered on its effectiveness and side effects. The second theme is pharmacists’ practic…

open access ↗ · PMID 42015323 · Liraglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42666495 · Liraglutide in the index

BackgroundThe increasing use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss and metabolic improvements has led to the recognition of various side effects. One potential, yet underexplored, adverse effect is hair loss. This study aims to investigate the frequency, characteristics, and predictors of hair loss in patients using GLP-1RAs.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, conducted uniquely in Saudi Arabia from January to June 2025, involved 254 participants who had used GLP-1RAs (Mounjaro, Ozempic, Saxenda, or Victoza) for weight loss purposes. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, ensuring comprehensive coverage of demographic information, clinical characteristics, and details of hair loss, including timing, severity, and progression. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS v29.ResultsA total of 254 participants were included in the study, with the majority being female (71.3%) and an average age of 33.28 ± 9.73 years. Hair loss characteristics by injection type revealed no significant differences in prevalence (p = 0.116). However, severe hair loss was significantly more common in Mounjaro (43.4%) and Saxenda (42.9%) users compared to other groups (p ConclusionOur st…

open access ↗ · PMID 41914454 · Liraglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42618557 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42661740 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41206637 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42228850 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42454501 · Exenatide in the index

IntroductionParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Diabetes is one of the risk factors for developing PD. Tirzepatide is a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist that is on the market as a treatment for diabetes. Importantly, two phase II trials in PD patients showed good effects with the GLP-1 receptor agonists Exendin-4 and Lixisenatide.MethodsWe have developed a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (DA5-CH) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a higher rate than Tirzepatide. Here, we tested Exendin-4, Tirzepatide and DA5-CH in the 6-OHDA-lesion rat model of PD. The drug treatment was daily ([dose redacted], ip.) for 30 days.ResultsDA5-CH was more effective than Tirzepatide or Exendin-4. In the substantia nigra, dopaminergic neurons were protected, with DA5-CH being most effective. Dopamine levels in the striatum were normalized by DA5-CH, while Exendin-4 was less effective, and Tirzepatide was ineffective. The inflammation response in the lesioned striatum was reduced by the drugs as shown in reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels, with DA5-CH bein…

open access ↗ · PMID 42165019 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42419304 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42148925 · Exenatide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42580550 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42625306 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42593182 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42559671 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42648789 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42557738 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42081276 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42568245 · Glucagon in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42623901 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42611692 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42600634 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42298277 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42601135 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42647832 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42309434 · GLP-1 (7-37) in the index

Future directions in incretin research: Three major directions currently shape therapeutic innovation in incretin research: multi-receptor agonism, oral drug development, and mechanistic reappraisal of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) physiology. These advances indicate that incretin-based therapies should be understood within an integrated enteroinsular network rather than through isolated hormone actions. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GCGR, glucagon receptor; GIPR, GIP receptor; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1R, GLP-1 receptor; T2D, type 2 diabetes.

open access ↗ · PMID 41928613 · GIP in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41703789 · GIP in the index

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open access ↗ · PMID 41948456 · GIP in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41547649 · GIP in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42405354 · GIP in the index

Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), represents a new class of medication for obesity and type II diabetes treatment. Using laboratory mice, we show that GIPRs are present in the lateral septum (LS) in cells also expressing GLP-1R, particularly in the dorsolateral LS. Likewise, we show the coexpression of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor (DRD2) in LS cells with GLP-1R in both the dorsolateral and intermediate portions of the LS. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, we demonstrate that systemic GLP-1R or GIPR agonist treatment reduces both electrically evoked DA release in the LS and the ability of cocaine to increase extracellular DA levels. These data unveil a new central role for GIPR signaling and identify a potentially important cell type expressing both GLP-1R and GIPR upon which tirzepatide or other dual agonists may modulate DA homeostasis in the brain.

open access ↗ · PMID 42219687 · GIP in the index

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists' use as a weight loss tool is gradually expanding. They can be used as bridging therapies to reduce weight in potential living donors for liver transplantation and improve graft quality. A living donor with high body mass index is likely to be declined in most living donor programs due to concerns about donor safety and graft function. Reducing weight before surgical procedures can improve outcomes and lower the incidence of morbidity and mortality. Growing clinical evidence supports the advantage of GLP-1 receptor agonists as well as GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists as bridging therapies to minimize perioperative complications. However, these agents should be used with caution due to concerns about side effects, particularly delayed gastric emptying and the risk of aspiration. This article summarizes the available evidence about the promising use of new weight-reducing agents to expand graft pool by including higher body mass index donors after weight optimization.

open access ↗ · PMID 42281856 · GIP in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42591359 · Teduglutide in the index

Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure and is frequently associated with long-term dependence on parenteral nutrition (PN) and intravenous fluids. Teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analogue, promotes intestinal adaptation and has been demonstrated to reduce parenteral support requirements. However, real-world data from the Greek population are scarce. Methods: We conducted a non-interventional, multicenter, retrospective cohort study across 5 centers in Greece, including adult patients with SBS receiving teduglutide therapy. Demographic and clinical characteristics, parenteral nutrition and intravenous fluid requirements, body mass index (BMI), laboratory parameters, and adverse events were recorded at baseline and during follow-up at weeks 4, 12, 26, and 52. Results: Eight adult patients with SBS were included (75% female), with a median age of 53 years (range 19-71). Over 52 weeks of treatment, mean parenteral nutrition requirements decreased by approximately 45% compared with baseline (from 1430 to 788 kcal/day), while mean intravenous hydration requirements decreased by approximately 80% (from 5170 to 1000 mL/week)…

open access ↗ · PMID 41827448 · Teduglutide in the index

AbstractPaediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) with chronic intestinal failure (IF) is a rare, complex and potentially life-threatening condition. The main causes in children are necrotizing enterocolitis, volvulus, congenital malformations, and other enteropathies. The resulting reduced intestinal absorption capacity often requires parenteral nutrition (PN), which is associated with complications such as catheter infections, liver disease, and thrombosis, as well as significant limitations in quality of life. The goal of multidisciplinary treatment is to achieve enteral autonomy, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. With the introduction of the glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue (GLP-2-analogue) teduglutide, an additional therapeutic option is available that can improve fluid and nutrient absorption and reduce the need for parenteral support, up to partial or complete weaning. This position paper summarizes the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of teduglutide in children and provides practice-oriented recommendations from the expert group on the following aspects: Definition of relevant treatment goals (e.g., infusion-free days, enteral autonomy), criteria fo…

open access ↗ · PMID 41672430 · Teduglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42622692 · Teduglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42410547 · Teduglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42385596 · Teduglutide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Pramlintide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41708975 · Pramlintide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42452898 · Pramlintide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42552663 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42593614 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42462482 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42426797 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42269270 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42552604 · Ghrelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42165603 · Ghrelin in the index

Pregnancy and lactation trigger many metabolic adaptations, including increased food intake to support the energy demands of the growing foetus and then to provide nutrition through milk production after birth. Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, activates agouti related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus to promote food intake. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that increased sensitivity to ghrelin during pregnancy and lactation may contribute to elevated maternal food intake. Acute food intake was measured after a single dose of ghrelin or vehicle across reproductive states including virgin, pregnant (Day 8 and Day 15), lactating (Day 10) mice and dams 2 weeks after weaning. In vivo GCaMP fibre photometry of the AgRP neuron population was used to measure AgRP neuronal response to ghrelin. Unlike virgin mice, pregnant mice did not show an acute increase in food intake after ghrelin injection, while ghrelin-treated lactating mice showed a greater feeding response than virgin mice. After weaning, dams showed a similar increase in food intake to that seen in virgin mice. In contrast to the loss of feeding response to ghrelin, the expected increase in growth hormone (GH) in …

open access ↗ · PMID 42265978 · Ghrelin in the index

BackgroundIncreased hedonic intake of palatable and high-calorie foods is one of the leading causes of obesity and is present in eating disorders. Thus, identifying new tools to manipulate hedonic intake could open new treatments for disorders of hunger and energy balance. Leptin 116-130 (Lep116-130) is a biologically active fragment of leptin, an anorectic hormone essential for controlling energy balance. Lep116-130 can reduce the intake of standard food in rodents, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood, and whether it reduces hedonic intake has not been tested.MethodsIn silico molecular docking was performed to determine the binding of Lep116-130 to the long isoform of leptin receptor (LepRb). In vitro cellular assays were performed to determine whether Lep116-130 increased intracellular calcium levels. Behavioral feeding tests were used to characterize the intake of standard and palatable, high-calorie food under acute and chronic administration of Lep116-130 to leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and wild-type mice.ResultsIn silico assays suggest Lep116-130 was less likely to bind to LepRb than leptin, and in vitro assays showed that Lep116-130 does not increase intracellu…

open access ↗ · PMID 41953200 · Leptin fragment (116-130) in the index

Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK, peptides exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery. Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604 activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair. Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity. Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials. This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for respo…

open access ↗ · PMID 41490200 · AOD-9604 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · AOD-9604 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · AOD-9604 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41832718 · BPC-157 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42356491 · BPC-157 in the index

As a novel theoretical and practical advantage, preclinical to clinical evidence, this systematic review of PRP, growth factors, and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 efficacy in complex musculoskeletal and junctional injuries emphasizes the cytoprotection concept, healing to restore tissue integrity. Notably, the concept holds tendon, ligament, and muscle healing, in particular. Then, it holds their healing together as interconnected lesions. Consequently, this review presents the possibilities for cytoprotective therapies suited for tendon/ligament/muscle and recovery of osteotendinous, myotendinous, and the muscle-to-bone junction. The estimated key was the success of injury recovery amid each agent's direct exogenous administration, alone or with a carrier, locally or systemically, without reliance on complex scaffolds, carriers, or tissue-engineering constructs. As reviewed, while with commonly acknowledged physiological significance, and acting throughout cytoprotection principles, growth factors (PDGF, TGF-β1, IGF-1, FGF, VEGF, BMPs) delivered locally with various carriers improve tendon, ligament, and muscle healing; however, some (PDGF, TGF-β1, IGF-1) may fail in mus…

open access ↗ · PMID 41754849 · BPC-157 in the index

Background/Objectives: This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations. Therefore, we focused on fistulas' severe course, tracheocutaneous fistula → air leak → compensatory diaphragmatic/abdominal "heaving", NO-system failed relations, and therapy resolution. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was proposed. Methods: Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally). Results: Tracheocutaneous fistulas occurred as specific and NO-system-related as follows: NO system: blockade (L-NAME-aggravation) over-activity (L-arginine-amelioration) or immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine oppose each other's effects). Controls presented severe clinical signs of respiratory distress, failed healing, skin and tracheal defects, a not-healed and open, macro/microscopically, and fistulous tract that was well-formed and wide, tracheal shrinking below the fistula, and cl…

open access ↗ · PMID 41599743 · BPC-157 in the index

This review examines and hypothesizes cytoprotection as a conceptual therapeutic criterion for antiarrhythmic drugs, referring to the possibility of suppressing arrhythmias while avoiding adverse electrophysiological or systemic effects. Toward a theoretically complete cytoprotective profile-preserving benefits and eliminating toxicity-the criterion was the degree of counteraction of arrhythmias (i.e., bradycardia, tachycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block, ventricular tachycardia (VT), ST-segment changes, prolonged P, PR, QRS, and QT/QTc intervals, and repolarization). Conventional and new antiarrhythmics share class I-IV ≈ partial cytoprotection/narrow range; late INa inhibitors, IKs enhancers, RyR2 stabilizers, gap junction modulators, and atrial-selective antiarrhythmics ≈ partial cytoprotection/more extended range. Still predominantly in preclinical models, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in the clinic, has not demonstrated adverse effects in available human trials (non-cardiac) to date. As a prominent cytoprotection mediator (LD1 not achieved in toxicology studies), it demonstrates well-matched cytoprotective-antiarrhythmic effects, BPC 157 ≈ full cytoprotection/wide-…

open access ↗ · PMID 41754776 · BPC-157 in the index

Background: No Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies have directly evaluated adrenalectomy vessels, the technique's established ability to probe collagen/elastin-associated spectral features and lipid peroxidation-related signatures, and protein structural damage. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy was found to maintain the vascular function under severe stress, as FTIR spectroscopy recently demonstrated rapid peptide-induced molecular changes in healthy rat blood vessels, particularly in lipid content and protein secondary structure. Methods: To extend these findings and highlight the BPC 157 vascular background in the special circumstances of the course following unilateral adrenalectomy, abdominal aortas were collected at 15 min, 5 h, and 24 h after unilateral adrenalectomy for the FTIR spectroscopy assessment. Results: FTIR spectra were acquired, preprocessed, and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVMDA), and band-specific statistics. BPC 157 ([dose redacted] intragatrically immediately after unilateral adrenalectomy) produced a clear, reproducible separation of aortic spectra from control sam…

open access ↗ · PMID 41599787 · BPC-157 in the index

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition remains a key therapeutic strategy in the management of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the inhibitory potential of the gastric pentadecapeptide BPC-157 and two newly designed hybrid analogs, CIARA-1 and CIARA-2, was investigated for the first time. The hybrid peptides were rationally designed by combining a BPC-157-derived fragment with an arginine-containing C-terminal sequence to enhance interactions with the enzyme's active and peripheral binding sites. Enzyme kinetics were evaluated using a modified Ellman assay, and inhibition parameters were determined through Lineweaver-Burk analysis. All tested compounds exhibited a competitive mechanism of inhibition, as evidenced by increased Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values with unchanged maximum velocity (Vmax), indicating competition with the substrate at the catalytic site of AChE. Among the tested compounds, CIARA-1 demonstrated the highest inhibitory potency, reflected by the lowest inhibition constant (Ki = 0.24 mM) and IC50 value (2.52 mM), followed by CIARA-2 (Ki = 0.29 mM; IC50 = 2.73 mM) and BPC-157 (Ki = 0.48 mM; IC50 = 2.80 mM). These finding…

open access ↗ · PMID 42278509 · BPC-157 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42542926 · TB-500 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · TB-500 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42578445 · TB-500 in the index

BackgroundPeptide therapeutics represent an emerging frontier in gerontological medicine, targeting fundamental hallmarks of aging including metabolic dysfunction, telomere attrition, tissue repair impairment, and hormonal decline.ObjectiveTo comprehensively review the mechanisms, clinical applications, evidence base, and safety profiles of therapeutic peptides with demonstrated or potential applications in healthy aging and age-related conditions.MethodsA comprehensive narrative review was conducted through systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and regulatory databases (FDA, WADA) from inception through January 2026. Search terms included "peptide therapeutics," "aging," "gerontology," "healthspan," combined with specific peptide names (tirzepatide, epitalon, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, bremelanotide). Peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, regulatory documents, and preclinical studies were evaluated. A total of 20 primary sources were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and contribution to understanding peptide mechanisms and clinical outcomes in aging populations.ResultsNine peptides were identified spanning diverse aging interventio…

open access ↗ · PMID 42021992 · TB-500 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42635865 · TB-500 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41476424 · TB-500 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42385164 · Thymosin β4 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Thymosin β4 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · Thymosin β4 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Thymosin β4 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42431294 · Thymosin β4 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42619529 · GHK in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42573538 · GHK in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42084774 · GHK in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41997403 · GHK in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42354780 · GHK in the index

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open access ↗ · GHK in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41859865 · GHK in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42573538 · GHK-Cu in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42619529 · GHK-Cu in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41997403 · GHK-Cu in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

open access ↗ · GHK-Cu in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42084774 · GHK-Cu in the index

Starvation therapy has emerged as a promising strategy in diabetic wounds treating by regulating glucose level to deplete microbial nutrients without inducing antimicrobial resistance. However, this process consumes large amounts of oxygen, exacerbating wound hypoxia and compromising therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we designed a GOX-loaded hydrogel incorporated with copper peptide (GHK-Cu) to construct a copper peptide-activated cascade catalysis system for concurrent glucose regulation and hypoxia reversing. GOX initiates the cascade by catalyzing glucose oxidation, which reduces local hyperglycemia levels and generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Subsequently, copper ions in GHK-Cu activate the subsequent step by mediating the decomposition of H2O2 through a catalase(CAT)-like reaction, releasing local oxygen to effectively alleviate the hypoxic state of the wound, and its own biological activity can further promote skin repair. The research results show that the Gel@GHK-Cu/GOX hydrogel can efficiently facilitates the decomposition of glucose into oxygen via the cascade reaction. Moreover, this hydrogel has been confirmed to have multiple therapeutic effects, including antibac…

open access ↗ · PMID 42404628 · GHK-Cu in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42510549 · GHK-Cu in the index

Laccase plays an important role in the detection and degradation of phenolic compounds, but it is limited by its cost and stability. In this study, the laccase-like property of copper peptide (GHK-Cu) has been revealed. In terms of enzymatic reaction kinetics, GHK-Cu has a Vmax of 1.735 × 10-4 mM·s-1 and a Km of 0.061 mM, demonstrating good substrate affinity and excellent catalytic efficiency. Then, a colorimetry was developed for rapid detection of epinephrine (EP) and 2-aminophenol (2-AP). The linear response range of EP is 20-240 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.5 μM. The linear response ranges of 2-AP are 14-100 μM (in ultrapure water) and 2-120 μM (in seawater), with LODs of 2.56 μM and 1.65 μM. In addition, combined with a smartphone platform, a cotton-based sensor has been developed for the detection of 2-AP in seawater. The linear response ranges are 0-0.2 mM and 0.2-1 mM, with LOD of 0.033 mM. The structure of GHK-Cu provides a reference for the development of novel laccase mimetic enzymes. The constructed colorimetry offers an option for the rapid detection of phenolic compounds, and the developed cotton-based sensor enabled rapid and portable detection of 2-AP.

open access ↗ · PMID 42041438 · GHK-Cu in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42064835 · KPV in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42585803 · KPV in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 40935835 · KPV in the index

Oral delivery of peptide therapeutics remains challenging due to gastrointestinal (GI) degradation and poor intestinal absorption. Here, we propose a self-immolative peptide prodrug conjugate (SIPPC) platform for inflammation-targeted oral delivery, integrating a hydrophilic polyethylene glycol segment, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrophobic self-immolative module, and a hydrolyzable scaffold, which collectively enable spontaneous assembly into micelle-like nanoparticles. Using three anti-inflammatory peptides (KPV, Ac-QAW, and IRW), we demonstrated that the engineered conjugates exhibit remarkable GI stability, efficient mucus penetration, and ROS-responsive release at inflamed sites. In colitis mice, the KPV-based conjugate (proKPV) achieved a 3.8-fold greater colonic accumulation than free KPV, with enhanced efficacy even at a 20-fold lower dose. Beyond therapeutic effects in the colitis model, oral proKPV substantially accumulated in inflamed lungs and exhibited potent anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice with acute lung injury. Ac-QAW and IRW-based conjugates exhibited comparable benefits, underscoring SIPPC as a transformative paradigm for oral peptide therapeut…

open access ↗ · PMID 41533788 · KPV in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 40562584 · Larazotide in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42578445 · Ipamorelin in the index

BackgroundPeptide therapeutics represent an emerging frontier in gerontological medicine, targeting fundamental hallmarks of aging including metabolic dysfunction, telomere attrition, tissue repair impairment, and hormonal decline.ObjectiveTo comprehensively review the mechanisms, clinical applications, evidence base, and safety profiles of therapeutic peptides with demonstrated or potential applications in healthy aging and age-related conditions.MethodsA comprehensive narrative review was conducted through systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and regulatory databases (FDA, WADA) from inception through January 2026. Search terms included "peptide therapeutics," "aging," "gerontology," "healthspan," combined with specific peptide names (tirzepatide, epitalon, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, bremelanotide). Peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, regulatory documents, and preclinical studies were evaluated. A total of 20 primary sources were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and contribution to understanding peptide mechanisms and clinical outcomes in aging populations.ResultsNine peptides were identified spanning diverse aging interventio…

open access ↗ · PMID 42021992 · Ipamorelin in the index

Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK, peptides exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery. Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604 activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair. Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity. Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials. This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for respo…

open access ↗ · PMID 41490200 · Ipamorelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 41476424 · Ipamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · Ipamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · Ipamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · Ipamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42578445 · CJC-1295 in the index

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) marketed as "research compounds" include unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex [DAC], CJC-1295 without DAC), growth hormone secretagogues (GHS; e.g., growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), hexarelin, ipamorelin), the growth hormone (GH) fragment - AOD9604 (hGH 176-191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) analogues (e.g., pegylated mechano growth factor (PEG-MGF), IGF-1 Long R3 (IGF-1 LR3)). Reported adverse effects span endocrine and metabolic disturbances (including prolactin and cortisol elevations, appetite changes, and dysglycaemia), fluid retention syndromes, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia/arthralgia), and injection-site reactions. Given the absence of regulatory approval for physique- or performance-related indications and the uncertainty surrounding product composition, dose, and stacking prac…

open access ↗ · PMID 42395176 · CJC-1295 in the index

BackgroundPeptide therapeutics represent an emerging frontier in gerontological medicine, targeting fundamental hallmarks of aging including metabolic dysfunction, telomere attrition, tissue repair impairment, and hormonal decline.ObjectiveTo comprehensively review the mechanisms, clinical applications, evidence base, and safety profiles of therapeutic peptides with demonstrated or potential applications in healthy aging and age-related conditions.MethodsA comprehensive narrative review was conducted through systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and regulatory databases (FDA, WADA) from inception through January 2026. Search terms included "peptide therapeutics," "aging," "gerontology," "healthspan," combined with specific peptide names (tirzepatide, epitalon, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, Semax, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, bremelanotide). Peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, regulatory documents, and preclinical studies were evaluated. A total of 20 primary sources were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and contribution to understanding peptide mechanisms and clinical outcomes in aging populations.ResultsNine peptides were identified spanning diverse aging interventio…

open access ↗ · PMID 42021992 · CJC-1295 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41476424 · CJC-1295 in the index

Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK, peptides exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery. Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604 activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair. Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity. Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials. This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for respo…

open access ↗ · PMID 41490200 · CJC-1295 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · CJC-1295 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · CJC-1295 in the index

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publisher record ↗ · CJC-1295 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41138283 · Sermorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42465868 · Sermorelin in the index

Therapeutic peptides are emerging as promising adjuncts in the management of orthopaedic injuries, grounded in their ability to modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine. By acting on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK, peptides exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery. Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604 activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair. Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity. Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials. This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for respo…

open access ↗ · PMID 41490200 · Sermorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · Sermorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · Sermorelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · Sermorelin in the index

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open access ↗ · Tesamorelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42419889 · Tesamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · Tesamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41966639 · Tesamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41545261 · Tesamorelin in the index

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publisher record ↗ · PMID 42139091 · Tesamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42538058 · Tesamorelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · GHRP-2 in the index

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) marketed as "research compounds" include unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex [DAC], CJC-1295 without DAC), growth hormone secretagogues (GHS; e.g., growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), hexarelin, ipamorelin), the growth hormone (GH) fragment - AOD9604 (hGH 176-191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) analogues (e.g., pegylated mechano growth factor (PEG-MGF), IGF-1 Long R3 (IGF-1 LR3)). Reported adverse effects span endocrine and metabolic disturbances (including prolactin and cortisol elevations, appetite changes, and dysglycaemia), fluid retention syndromes, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia/arthralgia), and injection-site reactions. Given the absence of regulatory approval for physique- or performance-related indications and the uncertainty surrounding product composition, dose, and stacking prac…

open access ↗ · PMID 42395176 · GHRP-2 in the index

Background/aimGrowth hormone (GH) secretion patterns differ across species. Humans exhibit a nocturnal surge, while rodents exhibit ultradian pulses. In cynomolgus monkeys, diurnal and daily variations and responsiveness to exogenous GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) remain insufficiently defined in non-clinical studies. This study aimed to characterize GH secretion patterns and evaluate responsiveness to exogenous GHRH in adult male cynomolgus monkeys for pituitary toxicity studies.Materials and methodsSerum from 10 animals was collected between 10:00 and 22:30 and again at 10:30 on the following day to evaluate diurnal variation. Serum from 10 additional animals was collected once daily between 9:00 and 10:00 across five days to evaluate daily variation. In the GH stimulation test, four animals received intravenous pralmorelin hydrochloride (as GHRH) and four received physiological saline between 11:00 and 11:30. Serum was collected before and at 0.5, 1, and 2 h after administration. GH concentration was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsDiurnal variation was observed, with concentrations increasing from 10:00 to 11:30, transiently dropping to their lowest at 12:30…

open access ↗ · PMID 41482410 · GHRP-2 in the index

Background/Objective: GHRP-6 is a GH secretagogue hexapeptide with expanding and promising cardioprotective effects. Having determined [dose redacted] as the minimum effective dose for enhancing inotropy based on echocardiographic parameters in healthy rats, we implemented a non-reperfusion myocardial infarct model, with its consequent left ventricle wall thinning and ballooning, via permanent left descending coronary artery ligation. Methods: Rats were assigned to three groups: sham-operated/normal rats, infarcted + saline-treated control rats, and infarcted + GHRP-6-administration rats. Treatments were initiated post-surgery and continued for 7 days. On day 7, the animals were echocardiographically and histologically evaluated. For mitochondrial proteomic analysis, an additional 12 healthy rats were used. Six animals received GHRP-6 or normal saline and were observed for 6 h after the inoculation. Results: Here, we show that GHRP-6 attenuated myocardial tissue demise, reduced myocardial interstitial fibrosis/scarring, and integrally improved left ventricle physiology. The proteomic analysis indicated that the GHRP-6 cardioprotective effects may be theoretically mediated by the concerte…

open access ↗ · PMID 41901314 · GHRP-6 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41534456 · GHRP-6 in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42461148 · GHRP-6 in the index

ObjectiveHexarelin is a growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a agonist with a potent anti-apoptotic effect. We studied the neuroprotective effect of hexarelin on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina following optic nerve transection (ONT).Materials and methodsGolden hamsters of 8-9 weeks old were used. For 7 days following ONT with one dose of drug, hamsters were injected with single dose of saline, 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin daily for 5 days. For 7 days after ONT with two doses of drugs, saline, 100 μg/kg and 150 μg/kg hexarelin were injected twice daily for 5 days. Survival of RGCs was quantified by immunostaining with Tuj1 antibody in retina whole mount.ResultsSingle daily a dose [redacted]/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin dose dependently and significantly increased the survival of RGC. The survival rates of RGC in saline, 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg hexarelin-treated hamsters were 51.2%, 62.4%, 68.5%, and 74.6%, respectively, in 7 days ONT. Two daily doses of saline, 100 μg/kg and 150 μg/kg hexarelin promoted survivals to 72.9%, 91.4%, and 109.2%, respectively, in 7 days ONT.ConclusionsSingle daily doses of hexarelin dose d…

open access ↗ · PMID 41766237 · Hexarelin in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42619489 · Hexarelin in the index

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) marketed as "research compounds" include unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex [DAC], CJC-1295 without DAC), growth hormone secretagogues (GHS; e.g., growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), hexarelin, ipamorelin), the growth hormone (GH) fragment - AOD9604 (hGH 176-191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) analogues (e.g., pegylated mechano growth factor (PEG-MGF), IGF-1 Long R3 (IGF-1 LR3)). Reported adverse effects span endocrine and metabolic disturbances (including prolactin and cortisol elevations, appetite changes, and dysglycaemia), fluid retention syndromes, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia/arthralgia), and injection-site reactions. Given the absence of regulatory approval for physique- or performance-related indications and the uncertainty surrounding product composition, dose, and stacking prac…

open access ↗ · PMID 42395176 · Hexarelin in the index

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) marketed as "research compounds" include unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-administration protocols include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues (e.g., sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with Drug Affinity Complex [DAC], CJC-1295 without DAC), growth hormone secretagogues (GHS; e.g., growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), hexarelin, ipamorelin), the growth hormone (GH) fragment - AOD9604 (hGH 176-191), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) analogues (e.g., pegylated mechano growth factor (PEG-MGF), IGF-1 Long R3 (IGF-1 LR3)). Reported adverse effects span endocrine and metabolic disturbances (including prolactin and cortisol elevations, appetite changes, and dysglycaemia), fluid retention syndromes, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia/arthralgia), and injection-site reactions. Given the absence of regulatory approval for physique- or performance-related indications and the uncertainty surrounding product composition, dose, and stacking prac…

open access ↗ · PMID 42395176 · MGF in the index

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 in the index

As the cosmetic industry replaces traditional animal safety studies with next generation risk assessment approaches, the approach to safety substantiation for peptides used in cosmetic products must also evolve. While the need to provide assurances of safety for local and systemic toxicity endpoints remains the same, adoption of bioinformatic tools developed in the food, agricultural biotechnology, and drug development industries may add to the weight of evidence for the safety substantiation of peptides in cosmetics. Here we review the historical development and safety evaluation of peptides utilized in the cosmetic industry and provide a new safety evaluation framework that incorporates six bioinformatic tools. To test the framework, a variety of peptides (palmitoyl hexapeptide-12, caffeoyl hexapeptide-9, palmitoyl pentapeptide-4, amanitin alpha, conotoxin ArlB, bradykinin, and enkephaline) are evaluated with NCBI BLASTp, ToxinPred3.0, Peptipedia, BIOPEP-UWM, AllerCatPro 2.0, and IEDB bioinformatic tools. The results correctly identified safety concerns (toxins) for amanitin and conotoxin peptides and the biological actions of bradykinin and enkephaline, while palmitoyl hexapepti…

open access ↗ · PMID 41953401 · Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 in the index