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database / incretin

GIP

also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

research compound incretin metabolicendocrine no independent mass to check against

Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.

Sequence

YAEGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ

Tyr-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Ala-Met-Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Gln-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Asn-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-Gly-Lys-Lys-Asn-Asp-Trp-Lys-His-Asn-Ile-Thr-Gln

1. Tyr — Tyrosine · aromatic · hydropathy -1.3 · charge 0Y12. Ala — Alanine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 1.8 · charge 0A3. Glu — Glutamic acid · negative · hydropathy -3.5 · charge −1E4. Gly — Glycine · glycine · hydropathy -0.4 · charge 0G5. Thr — Threonine · polar · hydropathy -0.7 · charge 0T6. Phe — Phenylalanine · aromatic · hydropathy 2.8 · charge 0F67. Ile — Isoleucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 4.5 · charge 0I8. Ser — Serine · polar · hydropathy -0.8 · charge 0S9. Asp — Aspartic acid · negative · hydropathy -3.5 · charge −1D10. Tyr — Tyrosine · aromatic · hydropathy -1.3 · charge 0Y11. Ser — Serine · polar · hydropathy -0.8 · charge 0S1112. Ile — Isoleucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 4.5 · charge 0I13. Ala — Alanine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 1.8 · charge 0A14. Met — Methionine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 1.9 · charge 0M15. Asp — Aspartic acid · negative · hydropathy -3.5 · charge −1D16. Lys — Lysine · positive · hydropathy -3.9 · charge +1K1617. Ile — Isoleucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 4.5 · charge 0I18. His — Histidine · positive · hydropathy -3.2 · charge 0H19. Gln — Glutamine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0Q20. Gln — Glutamine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0Q21. Asp — Aspartic acid · negative · hydropathy -3.5 · charge −1D2122. Phe — Phenylalanine · aromatic · hydropathy 2.8 · charge 0F23. Val — Valine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 4.2 · charge 0V24. Asn — Asparagine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0N25. Trp — Tryptophan · aromatic · hydropathy -0.9 · charge 0W26. Leu — Leucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 3.8 · charge 0L2627. Leu — Leucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 3.8 · charge 0L28. Ala — Alanine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 1.8 · charge 0A29. Gln — Glutamine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0Q30. Lys — Lysine · positive · hydropathy -3.9 · charge +1K31. Gly — Glycine · glycine · hydropathy -0.4 · charge 0G3132. Lys — Lysine · positive · hydropathy -3.9 · charge +1K33. Lys — Lysine · positive · hydropathy -3.9 · charge +1K34. Asn — Asparagine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0N35. Asp — Aspartic acid · negative · hydropathy -3.5 · charge −1D36. Trp — Tryptophan · aromatic · hydropathy -0.9 · charge 0W3637. Lys — Lysine · positive · hydropathy -3.9 · charge +1K38. His — Histidine · positive · hydropathy -3.2 · charge 0H39. Asn — Asparagine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0N40. Ile — Isoleucine · hydrophobic · hydropathy 4.5 · charge 0I41. Thr — Threonine · polar · hydropathy -0.7 · charge 0T4142. Gln — Glutamine · polar · hydropathy -3.5 · charge 0Q42

No independent molecular weight was available to check the sequence against.

Molecular data

Chemical fields come from the PubChem compound record; computed values are derived from the sequence shown above.
molecular formulanot characterised
molecular weight4983.59 Da (computed from sequence)
computed backbone mass4983.59 Da
length42 residues
net charge (pH 7.4)0
mean hydropathy-0.8
half-lifenot characterised
delivery routenot characterised
PubChem CIDnot characterised
PDBnot characterised
UniProt parentP09681

Mechanism

Incretin hormone acting at the GIP receptor.

Reported targets: GIPR

Experimental structure

No experimental structure of this peptide is deposited in the PDB. Nothing is rendered here — a predicted fold would not be a structure, and this site does not draw one.

Position in the parent protein

exact match at residues 52–93 of Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (153 aa)

…FSALPSLPVGSHAKVSSPQPRGPRYAEGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQREARALELASQANRKEEEAVEPQS…

Parent sequence from UniProt P09681. Processed from the GIP precursor.

Reported effects

Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.

Reported observations and the corpus they are drawn from.
reported outcomewhere it appears
insulin secretionRecent advances in incretin biology and therapeutics: From glucose-dependent… Journal of diabetes investigation 2026
adipose metabolismGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic po… Clinical and experimental dermatology 2026

Literature (8)

Recent advances in incretin biology and therapeutics: From glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide reappraisal to next-generation agonists — Journal of diabetes investigation 2026

Future directions in incretin research: Three major directions currently shape therapeutic innovation in incretin research: multi-receptor agonism, oral drug development, and mechanistic reappraisal of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) physiology. These advances indicate that incretin-based therapies should be understood within an integrated enteroinsular network rather than through isolated hormone actions. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GCGR, glucagon receptor; GIPR, GIP receptor; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1R, GLP-1 receptor; T2D, type 2 diabetes.

open access ↗ · PMID 41928613 · DOI 10.1111/jdi.70299

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 receptor agonists in dermatology: only one piece of the puzzle — Clinical and experimental dermatology 2026

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41703789 · DOI 10.1093/ced/llag091

Dysfunctional Lipid-Induced Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2(GLP-2), but Not of Incretins Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(GLP-1)/Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide(GIP), Promotes Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Onset and Progression Through Gut Barrier Disruption and Endotoxemia — MedComm 2026

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

open access ↗ · PMID 41948456 · DOI 10.1002/mco2.70323

Correction to: "Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Incretin Physiology: Role in Health and Disease" — Endocrine reviews 2025

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

open access ↗ · PMID 40833798 · DOI 10.1210/endrev/bnaf028

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) — Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 2026

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 41547649 · DOI 10.1016/j.tem.2025.12.002

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis with a cofactor of GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist: A case report — The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global 2026

abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.

publisher record ↗ · PMID 42405354 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacig.2026.100751

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptors Are Expressed in the Lateral Septum and Reduce Electrically-Evoked Dopamine Release as well as the Ability of Cocaine to Increase Extracellular Dopamine — ACS chemical neuroscience 2026

Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), represents a new class of medication for obesity and type II diabetes treatment. Using laboratory mice, we show that GIPRs are present in the lateral septum (LS) in cells also expressing GLP-1R, particularly in the dorsolateral LS. Likewise, we show the coexpression of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor (DRD2) in LS cells with GLP-1R in both the dorsolateral and intermediate portions of the LS. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, we demonstrate that systemic GLP-1R or GIPR agonist treatment reduces both electrically evoked DA release in the LS and the ability of cocaine to increase extracellular DA levels. These data unveil a new central role for GIPR signaling and identify a potentially important cell type expressing both GLP-1R and GIPR upon which ti…

open access ↗ · PMID 42219687 · DOI 10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00954

Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists usage to widen the living donor pool for liver transplantation: A novel metabolic strategy — World journal of transplantation 2026

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists' use as a weight loss tool is gradually expanding. They can be used as bridging therapies to reduce weight in potential living donors for liver transplantation and improve graft quality. A living donor with high body mass index is likely to be declined in most living donor programs due to concerns about donor safety and graft function. Reducing weight before surgical procedures can improve outcomes and lower the incidence of morbidity and mortality. Growing clinical evidence supports the advantage of GLP-1 receptor agonists as well as GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists as bridging therapies to minimize perioperative complications. However, these agents should be used with caution due to concerns about side effects, particularly delayed gastric emptying and the …

open access ↗ · PMID 42281856 · DOI 10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118702

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