database / hormone
TRH
also known as thyrotropin-releasing hormone, protirelin
Skeletal structure drawn from the computed atomic coordinates in PubChem CID 638678. Carbons are implicit vertices; hydrogens on carbon are suppressed, as in any structural formula. Nothing here is estimated — every atom sits where PubChem placed it.
Research reference only. The observations below are recorded in the cited literature. Nothing here is advice or a recommendation, and no dosing information is published on this site.
Sequence
Primary structure not characterised in the public records this index draws on. Nothing is shown rather than something invented.
pGlu-His-Pro-NH2 — pyroglutamate N-terminus and C-terminal amide.
Molecular data
| molecular formula | C16H22N6O4 |
|---|---|
| molecular weight | 362.38 Da (PubChem) |
| computed backbone mass | not characterised |
| length | not characterised |
| net charge (pH 7.4) | not characterised |
| mean hydropathy | not characterised |
| half-life | not characterised |
| delivery route | intravenous |
| PubChem CID | 638678 |
| PDB | not characterised |
| UniProt parent | not characterised |
Mechanism
TRH receptor agonist driving TSH and prolactin release.
Reported targets: TRHR
Experimental structure
No experimental structure of this peptide is deposited in the PDB. Nothing is rendered here — a predicted fold would not be a structure, and this site does not draw one.
Reported effects
Each row is an outcome described in the literature indexed for this peptide. Reported in the cited work — not a claim, not a recommendation.
| reported outcome | where it appears |
|---|---|
| TSH release | Neuropharmacological assessment of intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone… Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2026 |
| prolactin release | Long-term efficacy and disease-specific responsiveness to protirelin in pati… Parkinsonism & related disorders 2026 |
Registered trials
| NCT | title | status | phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01970124 | A Long-Term Study of KPS-0373 in Patients With Spinocerebellar Degeneration (SCD) | COMPLETED | PHASE3 |
| NCT00027456 | Leptin to Treat Severe Insulin Resistance - Pilot Study | COMPLETED | PHASE2 |
| NCT04183153 | Neuroendocrine Mapping of the Cerebral Cortex | WITHDRAWN | NA |
| NCT01970098 | A Confirmatory Study of KPS-0373 in Patients With Spinocerebellar Degeneration (SCD) | COMPLETED | PHASE3 |
| NCT00812149 | Pharmacogenomic Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation in Healthy Volunteers: | COMPLETED | — |
Literature (8)
Neuropharmacological assessment of intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone in cerebral ischemia — Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42474168 · DOI 10.36721/pjps.2026.39.10.289.1
Long-term efficacy and disease-specific responsiveness to protirelin in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration: A retrospective study — Parkinsonism & related disorders 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 41722180 · DOI 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2026.108238
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons of different hypothalamic nuclei increase energy expenditure — Nature communications 2026
Several neuronal populations in the hypothalamus and brainstem express thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). While TRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulate the thyroid axis, the roles of other TRH-producing neurons remain largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of TRH neurons in the PVN, the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the medial preoptic area (MPA), and the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) for metabolism in mice. Selective activation of these populations using chemogenetics in mice revealed that TRH neurons of the hypothalamus increase food intake and influence energy homeostasis in different ways. Specifically, TRH neurons in the PVN and DMH enhance brown adipose tissue activity via a polysynaptic circuit, while MPA-located neurons increase locomotor activity and maintain cold tolerance. These effects were independent of the thyroid axis, demonstrating that TRH ne…
open access ↗ · PMID 41980928 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-71617-3
Cellular properties and axonal projections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in the mouse lateral hypothalamic area — Journal of neurophysiology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 41843451 · DOI 10.1152/jn.00616.2024
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and dopaminergic systems interact in the ventral tegmental area to regulate food intake in rats — Neuropharmacology 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42392529 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111091
Type-1 thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the nucleus accumbens participates in the anorectic effect of the stimulation of central nucleus of the amygdala — Brain research 2026
abstract not reproduced — this record is not open-access, so it is linked rather than copied.
publisher record ↗ · PMID 42105839 · DOI 10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150375
Developmental and tissue-specific expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone signaling genes in zebrafish and its association with glycemic regulation — Biology open 2026
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a highly conserved tripeptide classically associated with regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis; however, TRH and its receptors are also widely distributed in peripheral metabolic tissues. While TRH has been implicated in glucose homeostasis in mammals, the developmental expression, tissue distribution, and sex-dependent metabolic roles of the TRHergic system in zebrafish remain poorly defined. Here, we characterized the TRHergic system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by integrating bioinformatic analyses with developmental and adult expression profiling in both sexes, together with functional assessment under hyperglycemic conditions. TRHergic components - including pre proTRH, TRH receptor isoforms, and the TRH-degrading enzyme - were structurally conserved and dynamically expressed during early development, with trh-r1b displaying the …
open access ↗ · PMID 41773038 · DOI 10.1242/bio.062418
<i>Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone</i> Gene Methylation as a Potential Biomarker for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia — International journal of molecular sciences 2025
Anal cancer is high in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus (MSM-LWHIV). This cancer is strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Anal cancer screening using cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) for diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia requires specialized expertise. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of abnormal anal cells are of interest. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) methylation at cg01009664 was detected using a pyrosequencing assay to compare methylation patterns among different anal lesions. Our results demonstrated that TRH methylation was significantly hypermethylated in anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN3) (>20%) and AIN1-2 (>10%) but less methylated in normal (p TRH gene methylation showed higher sensitivity than the cytology for predicting AIN1+ (75.96% vs. 25.37%, respectively) and AIN2+ (78.95%% v…
open access ↗ · PMID 41465216 · DOI 10.3390/ijms262411784
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